Anemia was the main outcome in qualitative status as anemic in pregnancy and Non anemic in pregnancy. Independent variables such as socio-demographic and socio-economic details of 138 respondents were analysed. The mean age of pregnant women in the anemic and non-anemic groups were 26.9 and 24.2 years, respectively. The majority of the mothers were aged 21-25 years in AIP and NAIP groups with 51% and 46%, respectively, Table 1.

Table 1. Socio-demography of antenatal care pregnant women.

First appointment with the ANC clinic in the early weeks (five to nine weeks) of the first trimester was seen in 75.9% of the total population, with 38.3% and 37.6% of the AIP and the NIAP group, respectively.
The relationship of parity status with AIP and gestation age with AIP was not significant at P-value<0.05, with chi-square relation for parity (χ²=3.0739, P<0.3803) and gestation age (χ²=0.8435, P<0.8390). The primigravida mothers (27.53%) and gestation weeks (5-9 weeks) first trimester (18.11%) were anemic in pregnancy.
The routine blood investigations at the first ANC visit were done in all of the 138 pregnant women. AIP was found in 68 (49.2%) pregnant women with the mean Hb level being 10.9 g/dL and a range of 8.5g/dL to 13.7 g/dL. According to the WHO guideline, Hb levels less than 11.0 g/dL in the first trimester were indicative of AIP. Its prevalence was 49.2% involving urban (30.4%) and rural (18.8%) populations.  The intensity of severity of anemia was measured as mild in 60.2%, moderate in 32.3%, and severe in 7.3% of the patients (Table 2).
 
Table 2.  Pregnant Women’s Characteristics.

The predictors association with anemia in pregnancy was performed. These 11 factors were then pulled into binary logistic regression and odds ratio estimated. Mixed diet was the food habit among 75.3% respondents from both of the groups and as individual, it was 69.1% and 81.4 % in AIP and NAIP groups, respectively. Among both AIP and NAIP groups, 6.5% and 4.3% were vegetarians and 8.6% & 5.07% were non-vegetarians (Table 3).

Table 3. Knowledge and Awareness of the respondents.

 
NAIP group (81.4%), had chosen both green leafy vegetable such as spinach and liver as rich sources of iron out of six dietary iron sources, having vegetarian and Nonvegetarian source, three options each. Green leafy vegetable as a rich source of iron was common among vegetarians and it was the primary choice for all respondents to improve blood Hb level.
The pregnant mothers in both the groups, 60.3% of AIP and 46.2% of NAIP were aware of anemia-related complications during pregnancy.
A near equal proportion of the pregnant mothers in both the groups, AIP and NAIP (65% and 64%) had willingness to accept therapeutic or prophylaxis of haematinics if diagnosed with AIP.
A combined task of pharmacological and non-pharmacological sources in managing anemia in pregnancy was accepted by 56% of AIP and 49 % of NAIP patients.

With a fast growing economy, India and the sub-continent’s maternal health poses threat as perinatal and neonatal problems are becoming more eventful with high mortality and morbidity rates (1). AIP shall demand frequent hospitalization for hematinic infusion and blood transfusion, increased follow-up and more haematological investigations than regular antenatal care.
In this study, the majority of the pregnant mothers were between the age group of 21-25 years (49%). This is comparable to the study conducted by Rajaratnam et al., in Vellore, India, during 1996 which reported that almost half of the study population (46.7%) were 20-24 years (13). The preventive anemia management among teenage women, preconception prophylaxis among mother to be, deworming awareness and anthelmintic prophylaxis are prone to AIP (14).
Frequent pregnancies had not been a major determinant in causing AIP. In contrast to the earlier study, a study carried out by Al-Farsi YM. et al. in Muscat in 2004, found that AIP was associated with high parity pregnancies (41.6%) more, compared to low parity pregnancies (14.3%) (15). Reduced child birth interval was not found to cause AIP, in contrast to Lazović N. et al. findings (16). The relationship of parity level and child birth interval could not be established as more than half of the total study population (54.34%) were primigravida.
Nearly 60% of anemic cases belonged to urban population while 40% came from rural areas. Even though the urban population was highly educated (graduation and post-graduation), 35% of the graduated housewife mothers were anemic. Balarajan Y. et al. inferred that high literacy reported lower incidence of anemia (17).
When distributed according to education levels, anemia was found to be more prevalent in graduate and post-graduate mothers (34.7%). Prevalence of anemia was seen in 49.2% of the total study population, and 61.7 % of AIP mothers were having a monthly income of less than 20,000 rupees. The financial limitations may restrict them to spend on their well-being and nutritious food (18).
AIP was ominously more among homemakers (40.57%). The housewives may spend more time on family care and may spare no time for enough self-care due to forgetfulness, skipping diet, missing prophylaxis, unbalanced diet or untimely diet habits, which may attribute to anemia in pregnancy (19).
Their awareness about anemia-related complication in pregnancy, knowledge on iron sources or diet consciousness, had not extended a helping hand to leap optimal hemoglobin border (20). Pregnant mothers lacking awareness on the risks in AIP had to presume that lower hemoglobin in pregnancy was normal (21). It is a concern when it comes to notice the role of other family members particularly the men, having authority as the decision maker of the family. Their perception was also essential to determine the anemia status among pregnant women (22, 23).
The study was conducted in Tirunelveli town of Tamilnadu, India and the community wise distribution of pregnant women as seen, Hindus consisted 66% and 59 %, Muslim consisted 29% and 27%; Christians consisted 4% and 13 % of the anemic and non-anemic groups, respectively.
Anemia was more prevalent among the pregnant women with primigravida status as the first time pregnant mothers constituted 54.3% of the total study population. Out of second gravida mothers, 18.8% were non-anemic compared to 13.7% AIP cases. AIP was diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy, and a non-anemic pregnant woman may go anemic in her second trimester. Anemia correction from first trimester to early third trimester shall reduce anemia-related adverse events in pregnancy (24, 25, 26). The oxidative stress deterioration rate is higher during the first trimester (27) and a pre-existing anemia in an ANC mother shall aggravate in pregnancy due to the increased requirement and additional utilization of micronutrients (4, 5).
Multi gravida was classified as gravida from two to five pregnancies, reported to have 7.2% and 3.6%, of anemic and non-anemic mothers. The significance of gravida status and birthing interval could not be analysed as more than half of the total population were pregnant for the first time.
All predictive factors were not statistically associated with AIP. Although a statistical significance of the prediction with AIP could not be established. The noteworthy point in the study is that awareness or knowledge does not necessarily lead to a desirable outcome. The general issues faced by the non-compliance of the pregnant women were forgetfulness, exasperation, affordability, and worrying about the side effects (28). An attitude of applying the learned information into their routine life, and a conscious to do persistently, shall bring in the eradication of AIP. A mass sensitization and screening for anemia is quite essential in all platforms of the community including post-partum women (29). An inappropriate diet schedule may skip the micronutrients from being absorbed in to the blood stream.
 

First trimester AIP was very common and irrespective of literacy and education standard. Regardless of awareness level, there were intrinsic factors with a role in determining the anemic status in pregnancy. The preventable nutritional deficiency anemia still prevail and could be deterred by bringing a healthy state of mind and practice among women of all age groups. More robust screenings and interventions are required to be implemented to prevent AIP.

The authors thank all those who helped them writing this article.

 

The author declared no conflict of interest.