Document Type : Original Research Article
Authors
1 Collage of Medicine, University of Babylon, Babil, Iraq
2 Department of Physiology, Collage of Medicine, University of Babylon, Babil, Iraq
Abstract
Background & Objective: One of the worldwide healthcare problems is Diabetes mellitus (DM), and the prevalence of this disease increases steadily, particularly in pregnancy. The several metabolic disorders in the pregnancy were revealed by the placenta. The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is associated with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, and it negatively impacts the mother-placenta-fetus system. This research aims to compare the amount of leptin expression, as well as its score and intensity, in the placentas of women with diabetes with those of healthy controls.
Materials & Methods: In this work, we used a case-control methodology. Thirty women were diagnosed with diabetes and were placed in one group, while the other 40 served as a comparison. Primary monoclonal antibodies were used for the immunohistochemical analysis of leptin (Abcam, UK).
Results: The patients group showed the greatest percentage (23%) of placental expression of leptin. The expression of leptin was high in around 53% of the patient population. The intensity of leptin expression was significantly higher in DM patient than control groups (P>0.05). About 77% of patients group had moderate intensity of leptin expression, while 37.5% of control group had no leptin expression.
Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus was related with alterations in expressions of leptin as metabolic placental factor. Leptin may affect the pregnancy diverse disorders and pregnancy outcome.
Keywords
Main Subjects
1. Deputy NP, Kim SY, Conrey EJ, Bullard KM. Prevalence and Changes in Preexisting Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Among Women Who Had a Live Birth - United States, 2012-2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(43):1201-7. [DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6743a2] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Thadhani R, Powe CE, Tjoa ML, Khankin E, Ye J, Ecker J, et al. First-Trimester Follistatin-Like-3 Levels in Pregnancies Complicated by Subsequent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2009;33(3):664-9. [DOI:10.2337/dc09-1745] [PMID] [PMCID]
3. E. Davies J, Pollheimer J, Yong HEJ, Kokkinos MI, Kalionis B, Knöfler M, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition during extravillous trophoblast differentiation. Cell Adh Migr. 2016;10(3):310-21. [DOI:10.1080/19336918.2016.1170258] [PMID] [PMCID]
4. Pérez-Pérez A, Vilariño-García T, Guadix P, Dueñas JL, Sánchez-Margalet V. Leptin and nutrition in gestational diabetes. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1970. [DOI:10.3390/nu12071970] [PMID] [PMCID]
5. Pérez-Pérez A, Guadix P, Maymó J, Dueñas JL, Varone C, Fernández-Sánchez M, et al. Insulin and Leptin Signaling in Placenta from Gestational Diabetic Subjects. Horm Metab Res. 2016;48(1):62-9. [DOI:10.1055/s-0035-1559722] [PMID]
6. Helmo FR, Lopes AMM, Carneiro ACDM, Campos CG, Silva PB, dos Reis Monteiro MLG, et al. Angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. Pathol Res Pract. 2018;214(1):7-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.prp.2017.10.021] [PMID]
7. Nguyen-Ngo C, Jayabalan N, Haghvirdizadeh P, Salomon C, Lappas M. Role of adipose tissue in regulating fetal growth in gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta. 2020;102:39-48. [DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2020.05.006] [PMID]
8. Park MJ, Lee DH, Joo BS, Lee YJ, Joo JK, An BS, et al. Leptin, leptin receptors and hypoxia-induced factor-1α expression in the placental bed of patients with and without preeclampsia during pregnancy. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(4):5292-9. [DOI:10.3892/mmr.2018.8539] [PMID]
9. Iriyama T, Wang W, Parchim NF, Sayama S, Kumasawa K, Nagamatsu T, et al. Reciprocal upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and persistently enhanced placental adenosine signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. FASEB J. 2020;34(3):4041-54. [DOI:10.1096/fj.201902583R] [PMID] [PMCID]
10. Molaei S, Ghorbani N, Dashtiahangar F, Peivandi M, Pourasad Y, Esmaeili M. FDCNet: Presentation of the Fuzzy CNN and Fractal Feature Extraction for Detection and Classification of Tumors. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2022;2022:7543429. [DOI:10.1155/2022/7543429] [PMID] [PMCID]
11. Uzelac PS, Li X, Lin J, Neese LD, Lin L, Nakajima ST, et al. Dysregulation of Leptin and Testosterone Production and Their Receptor Expression in the Human Placenta with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Placenta. 2010;31(7):581-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.04.002] [PMID]
12. Kapustin RV, Drobintseva AO, Alekseenkova EN, Onopriychuk AR, Arzhanova ON, Polyakova VO, et al. Placental protein expression of kisspeptin-1 (KISS1) and the kisspeptin-1 receptor (KISS1R) in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus or preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2020;301(2):437-45. [DOI:10.1007/s00404-019-05408-1] [PMID]
13. Koushan M, Shomoossi N, Parsaei Mehr Z, Rad M. Women's Perception of Spousal Psychotic Disorders: A Qualitative Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2019;14(4):317-24. [DOI:10.18502/ijps.v14i4.1983] [PMID] [PMCID]
14. Iranpour A, Sarmadi V, Alian Mofrad A, Mousavinezhad SA, Mousavinezhad SM, Mohammad Alizadeh F, et al. The Persian version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8): can we trust it? J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2022;21(1):835-40. [DOI:10.1007/s40200-022-01047-7] [PMID]
15. Pérez-Pérez A, Toro AR, Vilarino-Garcia T, Guadix P, Maymó JL, Dueñas JL, et al. Leptin reduces apoptosis triggered by high temperature in human placental villous explants: The role of the p53 pathway. Placenta. 2016;42:106-13. [DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.009] [PMID]
16. Koushan M, Pejhan A, Shomoossi N, Shomoossi A. Ethical considerations in publishing medical articles in Iranian journals. Acta Fac Medicae Naissensis. 2014;31(2):105-11. [DOI:10.2478/afmnai-2014-0012]
17. Hosseini S, Khamesee MB. Assessment Of Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Treatment On Platelet Count In Patients With Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Life Sci. 2022;19(2).
18. Taghibeikzadehbadr P, Shabkhiz F, Shahrbanian S. Expression of PGC-1 alpha isoforms in response to eccentric and concentric resistance training in healthy subjects. J Sport Biosci. 2020;11(4):447-62.
19. Côté S, Gagné-Ouellet V, Guay S-P, Allard C, Houde A-A, Perron P, et al. PPARGC1α gene DNA methylation variations in human placenta mediate the link between maternal hyperglycemia and leptin levels in newborns. Clin Epigenetics. 2016;8(1):72. [DOI:10.1186/s13148-016-0239-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Fontana VA, Sanchez M, Cebral E, Calvo JC. Interleukin-1β regulates metalloproteinase activity and leptin secretion in a cytotrophoblast model. Biocell. 2010;34(1):37-43. [DOI:10.32604/biocell.2010.34.037] [PMID]
21. Malayer SK, Ghourchian H, Azarian M. Genotoxicity of noscapine nanosuspension on DU145 human prostate cancer (spheroid cell model). Adv Cell Sci Mut. 2019;2(1):1-7.
22. Hosseini S. The role of pertomix approaches in early detection of cancer. Proteomics. 2022;9(01):177-86.
23. Ebrahimi N, Adelian S, Shakerian S, Afshinpour M, Chaleshtori SR, Rostami N, et al. Crosstalk between ferroptosis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition: Implications for inflammation and cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;64:33-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.006] [PMID]
24. Azarian M, Amani A, Faramarzi MA, Divsalar A, Eidi A. Design and optimization of noscapine nanosuspensions and study of its cytotoxic effect. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2019;37(1):147-55. [DOI:10.1080/07391102.2017.1420490] [PMID]
25. Faridizad R, Alavi A, Golshiri P, Alavi Shoushtari SMH, Lall MD, Neshat S. Factors Associated with Anogenital Warts and Gonorrhea Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Health Sci Surveill Syst. 2022;10(1):113-8.
26. Ye Y, Wu P, Wang Y, Yang X, Ye Y, Yuan J, et al. Adiponectin, leptin, and leptin/adiponectin ratio with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective nested case-control study among Chinese women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;191:110039. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110039] [PMID]
27. Cowman W, Scroggins SM, Hamilton WS, Karras AE, Bowdler NC, Devor EJ, et al. Association between plasma leptin and cesarean section after induction of labor: a case control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):29. [DOI:10.1186/s12884-021-04372-6] [PMID] [PMCID]
28. Hajipour Khire Masjidi B, Bahmani S, Sharifi F, Peivandi M, Khosravani M, Hussein Mohammed A. CT-ML: Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Based on Ultrasound Images and Time-Dependent Feature Extraction Methods Using Contourlet Transformation and Machine Learning. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2022;2022:1493847. [DOI:10.1155/2022/1493847] [PMID] [PMCID]
29. Boroumand F, Ghayur S, Gharaaghaji R, Vazifekhah S. Efficacy of Prophylactic Use of Metformin in Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Nondiabetic Obese Pregnant Women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2022;7(6):524-9. [DOI:10.30699/jogcr.7.6.524]
30. Vilariño-García T, Pérez-Pérez A, Dietrich V, Guadix P, Dueñas JL, Varone CL, et al. Leptin upregulates aquaporin 9 expression in human placenta in vitro. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018;34(2):175-7. [DOI:10.1080/09513590.2017.1380184] [PMID]
)
